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What are the changes that take place in cardiovascular system by doing regular exercise?

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The cardio-vascular system undergoes various changes if exercises are performed. During exercise, the cardiovascular system begins to meet the increased demands of the body in many ways. The cardio-vascular system rushes oxygen to the working muscles, returns the blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and delivers fuel (nutrients and oxygen) to the active tissues of the body.

In fact, the effects of exercise can be studied in the following ways:

Immediate Effects of Exercises

(i) Increase in heart rate: Generally the resting heart rate of an adult remains at 72 beats per minute. The elite endurance athletes usually have 28 to 40 treats per minute. Even before the beginning of exercise the heart rate increases in anticipation. It is known as anticipatory response. When an individual starts exercise his heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of the exercise.

(ii) Increase in stroke volume: Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per the left beat from ventricle. It is measured in ml/beat. Stroke volume increases proportionally with exercise intensity. In untrained individuals the stroke volume at rest remains at 50 to 70 ml/beat. It increases up to 110 to 130 mm/beat during intense exercise. The stroke volume of experienced athletes at rest remains at 90 to 110 ml/beat. It increases up 150 to 220 ml/beat during intensive exercise.

(iii) Increase in cardiac output: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is measured in litre/minute. Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either heart rate or stroke volume increases or both, the cardiac output increases also. The cardiac output increases proportionally with the intensity of exercise. At rest the cardiac output is about 5 litre/minute but during intense exercise it can increase up to 20 to 40 litre/minute.

Long Term Effects of Exercises

(i) Increase in the size of heart: When we perform regular exercise the muscles of the heart increase in size and strength. In fact, the left ventricle adapts to the greatest extent. The heart wall grow stronger and thicker. The recent studies show that the myocardial wall thickness also increases.

(ii) Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise decreases the resting heart rate. If a 10 week training programme is given to an individual whose initial resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute after this duration his resting heart rate may reduce up to lb beats per minute. After regular exercise the heart finally becomes more efficient. It does not require to beat as quickly to supply the body with blood while at rest. It has been noted that highly conditioned athletes can have their resting heart rates in the 30 seconds.

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