The city development occurred at the cost of ecology and environment in the following ways.
- Growing demands for factories, housing, etc. led to the destruction of natural fractures like countryside and forests.
- Large quantities of refuse and waste from homes polluted air and water.
- Widespread use of coal and wood in homes raised serious environmental issues.
- In industrial cities, black smoke from chimneys turned the skies grey and vegetation degraded.
- Excessive noise from industries and railways became a feature of urban life.