Correct Answer - Option 1 : Values
Values provide the basic foundation for understanding a person’s attitudes, perceptions, and personality. Values contain judgmental elements as to what is right, good, or desirable. Values have both content and intensity attributes. The content attribute describes- what is important; the intensity attribute describes- how much is it important.
- When an individual’s values are ranked in terms of their intensity, we obtain that person’s value system. A value system is a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
- However, everyone does not hold the same values.
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Edward Spranger defines values as the constellation of likes, dislikes, viewpoints, shoulds, inner inclinations, rational and irrational judgments, prejudices, and association patterns that determine a person’s view of the world.
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M. Rokeach defines values, as a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence, It is important to study values, as it influences attitudes, perceptions, motivation, evaluations, interpersonal relationships, behaviour, conflict-handling styles, leadership patterns, etc. In nutshell, values are at the core of the bahaviour pattern of an individual.
| Development |
Values |
| Physical |
Healthy living, cleanliness, regularity, the dignity of manual work
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| International |
Rational outlook, scientific temper, Truth, and question for knowledge |
| Ethical/ moral |
Resistance to temptation, non-violence, righteousness, self-control and discipline, duty and obligation |
| Spiritual |
Purity, Tolerance, Universal love, Devotion, faith, Freedom |
| Social family |
Social responsibility, Cooperation, Mutual respect, Responsibility |
| National |
Secularism, Nationalism, Democracy, Patriotism |
| Society/ community |
Concern/ sharing, Work ethics, Service/ civic sense. |
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Theoretical: high importance to the discovery of truth through a critical and rational approach.
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Economic: Emphasis on useful and practical.
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Aesthetic: Highest value on form and harmony.
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Social: Highest value to the love of people.
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Political: Emphasis on acquisition of power and influence.
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Religious: Concerned with the unity of experience and understanding of the cosmos as a whole
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